Cultural Infl uences On Cognitive Development Lev Essays

Cultural Infl uences On Cognitive Development: Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are cited more often by his theories on cognitive development. Piaget emphasized four stages of development that occur throughout childhood until the child cognition reaches its end around the age of 15. Vygotsky, on the other hand, proposes a socio - cultural theory of cognitive development, in which the cognitive abilities of children evolve from interactions with the culture around them, such as parents, teachers and other partners. While Piaget emphasized cognitive development as an individual and universal process, Vygotsky emphasized that cognitive development varies between cultures and is largely the result of the interaction with culture. Better Understanding The Role Of Culture : To understand the role of culture in cognitive development, Vygotsky suggests that we study the cognitive development from four interrelated perspectives: the microgenetic , ontogenetic, phylogenetic and socio - historical. Microgenetic relates to development in short time periods, minutes and seconds. The ontogenetic refers to changes throughout life, whereas phylogenetic refers to changes over evolutionary periods. The socio - historical refers to changes that have occurred in the culture over time, such as changes in values, norms, traditions and technologies throughout the history of culture. Biological Principles : Vygotsky proposed that children come equipped with some important mental functions. These functions include memory, sensation, perception and attention. These basic mental functions then take advantage of the culture of which are subject, and culture transforms these functions into new higher mental processes or cognitive abilities. Social Influence: Early cognitive competence arises from interactions with adults and other relevant partners in the child's culture. Vygotsky cites as evidence the many tasks that a child must learn and are too complicated to assimilate in isolation, such as speaking a language. He proposes that most tasks are learned through the guidance and encouragement of the culture that surrounds the child. The cognitive development so influenced and shaped as participating in cultural activities and watch adults participating in them. Cultural Diversity and cognitive development : Belonging to a particular culture influences cognitive processes of people in various ways, some so subtle that they cannot be recognized at first glance. For example, several studies indicate that people in urban European American and middle-class communities tend to have more interactions in pairs (dyads) than in groups, while people of other cultural backgrounds displayed more often multiple, simultaneous participation and group. This is easily understood if we remember that in communities where the family is usually extensive, as is the case in most communities of Peru is common for infants and toddlers are cared for by several people other than parents, which gives these children varied opportunities to observe and participate in different groups and have multiple simultaneous interactions. In contrast, in industrialized communities where usually only the mother or another adult (the nanny, etc.) is responsible for the care of these children have few opportunities to participate in daily groups, either with adults or other children. These differences affect the process of care of individuals, as prepared as appropriate to pay attention to multiple stimuli at once, or only one. Research has also shown that children of industrialized cultural communities do not learn by observation above, unlike children in industrialized communities with high school and majority of those who learn primarily through verbal explanations. The educational level of the caregivers (usually the mother) affects how these structure their interactions with children: more educated mothers play with children assuming the role of "master" (play teaching), while mothers with less education assume this role in their games. In summary, i t is worthwhile to emphasize that these cultural differences and cognitive impact on children's schooling, which often requires one-for example employer or attentional learning from cultural heritages children whose habitual ways of paying attention and learning may be different . Upon recognition of cultural differences should address the diversity of a classroom not only on the theoretical level but above approach to classroom work, methodologies and pedagogical intervention strategies that recognize and respect these differences. Work Cited http://www.ehow.com/info_10016711_cultural-influences-cognitive-development.html http://itls.usu.edu/mimi/courses/6260/develop.html http://people.hss.caltech.edu/steve/files/tomasello.pdf http://www.pitt.edu/machery/papers/CultureCognition_fessler_machery.pdf

Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission Essays

Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission Essays Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission Essay Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission Essay Why is it that the murder of one man is considered a criminal act whereas the killing of hundreds of thousands of innocent people committed in wars is not considered so? , this is the question popped up by former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. Due to this question, he formed the Kuala Lumpur Foundation to Criminalize War (herein refer to as KLFCW) in 2007. KLFCW subsequently formed the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission (here in refer to as The Commission) to look into the issues of war crimes.Dr Mahathir is the chairman for Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission. According to Dr Mahathir Mohamad, the reason for the establishment of this KLWCC is to pay attention to victim of abuses in countries like Iraq, Lebanon and the Palestinian territories. Dr Mahathir also contended that the formation of Kuala Lumpur War Crime Commission can actually serves as another option other than the International Criminal Court in The Hague. Dr Mahathir argued that the decision took by the said International Criminal Court was unfair, unjust and favored certain party only especially the strong Western powers.The role of the The Commission is to pick up complaints from victim(s) of any conflict on crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of genocide whereby The Commission will subsequently carry out the investigation and make a report of its findings where The Commission might hold prosecution or extend the investigation for more evidences. One of the significant prosecutions brought up by The Commission are the charges against George W Bush and Anthony L. Blair, former Heads of Government of the United States of America and the United Kingdom respectively.The charge on them is for the commission of crime against peace in which they have planning, preparation and thus invaded the sovereign state of Iraq on 19 March 2003 in violation of the United Nations Charter and international law. The particulars of the Charge state, among others, that on 19 March 2003, the two accused launched a war against Iraq without the sanction of the United Nations. The said war crimes charges complied with due legal process as The Commission had done collecting war victims’ complaints and also detailed investigation and hence institute the formal charges.Following the events, the final judgment formulated by the tribunal to try former United States President George W. Bush and his associates (former US Vice President Richard Cheney; former Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld; Counsel to President Bush, Alberto Gonzales; General Counsel to Vice-President, David Addington; General Counsel to Secretary of Defense William Haynes II; Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee, and former Deputy Assistant Attorney-General John Choon Yoo, all of whom served in the Bush administration at the time) was released in 2012 whereby the 8 accused were charged with the crime of torture and war crimes.In a nutshell, The Commission serves to give justice to the thousands of victims in the war. The Commission also promotes a world without war, a world with peace. The Commission is neutral in the sense that it is not affected by major Western power in investigation and also deriving its judgment. War must be outlawed. That will have to be our struggle for now. We must struggle for justice and freedom from oppression, from economic hegemony. But we must remove the threat of war first.

REFLECTION Assessment on being a health professional in Essay

REFLECTION Assessment on being a health professional in Interprofessional Capabillity Framework for the Faculty of Health Sciences - Essay Example Moreover, it illuminates on the appropriate demeanour of evaluating one’s philosophies, mannerisms, values, as well as attitudes. This assists in developing an effective practitioner (Gaare, Bernheim and Melnick, 2008). It is extremely significant and fascinating to be educated about other occupation in the health care squad. This illuminates on the similarities and disparities of one’s profession with those of other individuals in the well being affiliation. It also gives a vivid comprehension of other well being vocations. In addition, this brings the recognition that disparate proficiencies and knowledge that define one’s excellence in a profession, such as psychoanalysis are not sufficient. There are other prerequisites, for instance, excellent communication joint effort, operating ethically amongst other requirements. The reinforcement of this is through the analogous code of principles for an individual’s profession such as speech pathology and other well being occupations. The utmost significance in these lesions is the explication of the meaning of concentrating on a client’s needs. Moreover, it is extremely significant to deliver superior quality well being services as well as sustaining security in these endeavours. There is a widespread notion that excellence in a health occupation comprises of knowing the paramount interest of a client and fixing that client as per the interests. However, it is crucial to realize that listening cautiously is what provides a true comprehension of a client’s quandary (Deanery, 2012). The preliminary function of health practitioners is to protect and promote well being in society. Thus, they ought to apply verified techniques of peril analysis, propose efficient precautionary measures and ensure implementation. Additionally, they must give proficient and truthful advice to their clients. This is a facet of their

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Questions - Essay Example This minimizes the risks involved when attending to a patient. Information systems in nursing also have researched medical practices approved by international bodies that help nurse come up with decisions when attending to patients. In my organization, the management has incorporated the use of CPOE that has been significant in ensuring that patient doctor confidentiality is maintained (Hebda & Czar, 2009). As a nurse this is important to my service as I am required to keep intact the relationship between me and my patients. Information security is a factor many medical organizations strive to achieve. However, current and former employees pose the biggest threat in achieving information security. Many employees in an organization have access to the information the organization has in form of medical records and patient information. After termination of working contracts, some former employees may relay this confidential information to other parties. The most important information is patient personal information and medical records (Hebda & Czar, 2009). Every medical organization is charged with the responsibility of ensuring information regarding their patients’ remains a private affair. To curb this shortcoming, organizations should formulate contracts that bind employees to confidentiality even after termination of their working contracts (Spagnoletti & Resca, 2008). Hefty penalties should be imposed to employees who breach these terms even after their working contracts have been

Upward Mobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Upward Mobility - Essay Example I am educated enough to do two jobs at a time. If I leave either of them, I would not be able to party and shop as much as I do now. This will affect my relationship with friends as I would not get to see them quite often. My friends have always been great source of financial and emotional support for me. I have based my analysis of the social class I belong to on the basis of my perceptions that have fundamentally been shaped by the media. People who work hard and party at the end of the day and have all the necessities of life are placed in the upper middle class society by the media. Media has played a very important role in shaping our class perceptions. â€Å"While textual studies focus on in-depth analysis of particular shows, other researchers have compiled demographic portraits across all television drama programming at a given point in time† (Butsch, 2011). Media influences and encourages the audience to move upwards in their respective social classes by possessing mo re

Importance Of Personal And Professional Skill Education Essay

Importance Of Personal And Professional Skill Education Essay The skill development is not a new concept, but it is becoming increasingly important. The continuing pace of change in business and management means that what we learned in our initial training courses soon becomes dated and irrelevant. It has been estimated that the half-life of skilled knowledge is about seven years. Furthermore, the amount of knowledge and skills continues to increase. Business and management has become knowledge intensive: we have entered the skilled-based economy. In this new world, it is impossible for us to know all that there is to know, yet access to the skilled and knowledge base is increasingly readily available. So what will make us developed skill specialist, rather than poor ones, is that our knowledge is more relevant, and more current, and is applied more efficiently and effectively. The work-place has also changed, with the result that in business and management are expected to have a wider range of skills. We increasingly work in teams on projects and much of what we do is virtual rather than tangible. As one project ends, another begins, and so we move from project to project, from team to team, and from one work-place to another. Indeed, for many, the increasingly itinerant nature of work leads us into several different careers during our working lives. These are strong, compelling reasons for professional development skills for manager, but there are many more. A better informed and more sophisticated public is demanding a higher duty of care and level of service from skilled workers. Linked to this is the increasing risk of claims for negligence from professionals deemed to have failed in their duty or given poor advice. Within organisations, modern quality management systems demand that qualified people are in place to make decisions. If we do not respond to this challenge, we face the prospect of becoming irrelevant. If, as skill professionals, we assume that our old time-served competences will last a lifetime, we will find ourselves becoming candidates for redundancy. The organisations we work for equally run the risk of failing to provide the new products and services that the market requires, resulting in decline. And so we need to learn continually as we work. This requires a skill set all of its own, a skill set we need to learn for ourselves as teachers and mentors, and a skill set we need to instil into our learners for their future benefit. TASK 2 Above we discussed importance of which we might assess our professional and personal development skills. However, what is missing is the route by which we might achieve its objectives. In this case four step approach is used: STEP 1 Profiling Ourselves This is the starting point for our individual professional development plan and should contain the ingredients from the table below: Working Life List strengths and successes Identify expertise that has not been exploited Skills inventory Rate skills and competences on a scale of 1-5 Identify skills needing further development Values, attitudes and beliefs Review the opinion of others Evaluate your own views and opinions Learning skills Identify types of learning preferred STEP 2 Define the Strategy Our development skills need to be correctly focused for maximum impact so that it meets both our individual development needs and those of the organisation for which we work. For Example If our employer has in place an annual staff review and appraisal process, then our individual aspirations and the organisational goals may have been reviewed, and a training and development plan agreed for the foreseeable future. Otherwise, we should discuss our skill development needs with department. STEP 3 Develop an Action Plan Putting the strategy into action can be the biggest challenge. An action plan can help. An effective action plan has four key ingredients: A clear statement of the goal to be achieved The actions required to achieve the goal The target timescale for achieving the goal Criteria to assess when we have reached our goal In order to deliver the action plan, we will have to seek out opportunities for learning and skills development, ideally in partnership with our employer. And since professional development benefits both the employee and the employer, we might find that our employer asks us to make a contribution to our own professional development, by committing some of our own time and perhaps by sharing the costs. Having established our action plan, we next need to decide how we are to go about the learning process. STEP 4 Evaluation and Reflection As we have seen, good development skills rely strongly on self analysis and appraisal to develop our personal profile and to analyse our preferred learning styles. This is not necessarily easy for a number of reasons. First, it can be hard to understand ourselves and see ourselves as others see us. Second, reflecting on skills and competences is not something that we are necessarily trained to do. Third, as the pace of life continues to increase, it is not easy to find time for self analysis and reflection. Mentoring is one way of overcoming these problems. A mentor is someone who can advise and guide you in your career. He or she has a number of roles as an appraiser, a supporter, a communicator and a motivator. The relationship therefore is different from that between a superior and his/her subordinate, and it is unlikely that a manager can carry out these functions. A good manager has coaching skills, is trustworthy, respected and is free from major distractions either within or outside the workplace. OUTCOME 2 TASK 3 Research commissioned by the British Audio Visual Society in 1988 suggests that we remember 10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, 30% of what we see, 50% of what we see and hear, 80% of what we say and 90% of what we say and do at the same time. For this reason, professional recommends that we integrate learning and working, so that we improve our development skills within the context of our work using real-world problems. Then the time and effort we invest in professional development is rewarded by immediately assisting us to complete the task in hand. Senior skilled professionals believe the immediate usefulness of the learning greatly improves our motivation to learn. Whilst this may be generally true for groups of people, as individuals, we each have our own preferred learning styles. There are many ways to categorize learning styles, but the simplest places learners into one or more of three categories: Visual those who learn best through their eyes and what they see and read. The ideal learning approaches in this case will involve studying magazines and books and learning online. Auditory those who learn best by hearing things, either on tape or in discussion. Dialogue and discussion is important to their learning process. The ideal learning environment is the classroom, but discussions with colleagues and audio tapes can also be useful. Tactile those who learn best by doing, such as taking their own notes or participating in demonstrations and hands-on projects. Ideal structure: magazine and online learning; classroom that encourages participation. OUTCOME 3 TASK 4 The basis for my personal development plan is my ability to look inward into what are my values, who I am, my beliefs, strength and weakness. I was able to reflect and know myself and how I can transform my values into crucial tools that would help my professional development rather than be at the drawback of the clients that would need help in the future. Most counselling and therapy approaches believe that relationship between counsellors and client is very important. Certainly, effective communication between counsellor and clients is an aspect that aids the key elements of a sustainable therapeutic relationship, which includes empathetic understanding, genuineness, unconditional positive regard and trust (Copeland, 2002). It is recommended, that throughout counselling, clients should be free to give feedback and raise concerns about the counselling relationship. I have used the same relationship style in relating with my approach to address conflict and open to change. My research on this study has helped me to readdress my time keeping, studying more and writing more in my personal journal. In accordance with the SMART AND SWOT analysis, I use reflective practice to evaluate and draw my personal and professional plan. Reflection, or rather reflective practice, contributes to professional development by revealing the knowledge and skills used in everyday practice, and exposing areas that require development (Driscoll The-2001). The values that I prioritise in my professional development plan are respecting clients human rights and dignity, and also ensuring the integrity of practitioner-client relationship. Moreover, what is critical in practitioner client relationship is the issue of power discourse. However, what comes to mind is that power is also a potentially destructive weapon that can be used to oppress and exploit people and could lead to abuse in counselling and psychotherapy practice (Thompson, 2003). The principles that I have learnt and hope to adopt in my work with my case study in balancing power relations and dealing with forms of oppression include benefi cence, empowerment and advocacy. Personal SWOT analysis Strengths Im very creative. I often impressing clients with a new perspective on their brands. I communicate well with my clients and team. I have the ability to ask key questions to find just the right marketing angle. Im completely committed to the success of a clients brand. Weaknesses I have a strong, compulsive need to do things quickly and remove them from my to do list, and sometimes the quality of my work suffers as a result. This same need to get things done also causes me stress when I have too many tasks. I get nervous when presenting ideas to clients and this fear of public speaking often takes the passion out of my presentations. Opportunities One of our major competitors has developed a reputation for treating their smaller clients poorly. Im attending a major marketing conference next month. This will allow for strategic networking, and also offer some great training seminars. Our art director will go on maternity leave soon. Covering her duties while shes away would be a great career development opportunity for me. Threats Simon, one of my colleagues, is a much stronger speaker than I am, and hes competing with me for the art director position. Due to recent staff shortages, Im often overworked, and this negatively impacts my creativity. The current economic climate has resulted in slow growth for the marketing industry. Many firms have laid off staff members, and our company is considering further cutbacks. TASK 5 The leadership skills have following functions in relation to Task, Team and individual needs.          i). Defining the task it should define the task  with clear, concrete, time limited, realistic and challenging objective so that his followers can understand properly and complete the task in time. The end of the task should also be defined to make members aware about the success criteria.          ii). Planning of the work Leader should do proper planning on the procedures to be adopted in an open mind before starting the work. The questions based on what, why, when, how, where and who should be answered during making a simple and fool proof plan. Sometimes leader presents ideas and invites question from followers or he suggests tentative plan subject to change afterwards.          iii). Delegation of works Leader gives briefing about role of every individual in task and delegate work accordingly to create the right atmosphere, to promote team relationship and to encourage and motivate all team members.          iv). Controlling   Leader controls their team by directing, regulating, restraining or encouraging individual and team efforts on the task. Leader needs to exhibit self-control over his own sentiments and to have good control systems for effective monitoring financial and task performance for controlling others problem. TASK 6 The concept of personal and professional development is closely related. It could be explained that both concept impacts on one another, depending on the aspect at which we perceive the terms. According to Maslow (1996) Personal development refers to individual self development and the development of others. In addition, personal development may involve programs, tools and methods. As an individual, my personal development includes plans or actions oriented towards one or more of the following aims: goals, developing strengths, improving self-awareness and self-knowledge, building or renewing identity, identifying or improving potential, building employability or human capital, enhancing lifestyle or the quality of life, realising dreams and fulfilling aspirations (Bandura.1997.Jasper.2006). In my personal development, I learn information that will help me become more efficient, successful and happy according to (Peter, 1999). In the UK, personal development took a central place in university policy in 1997 when the Dearing Report declared that universities should go beyond academic teaching to provide students with personal development. In 2001 a Quality Assessment Agency for UK universities produced guidelines for universities to improve personal development as a defined structured and a support process set by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance, achievement and to plan for their personal, education and career development (Speck-Knipe.2005). Conclusion Using reflective practice, I have demonstrated in this essay the experience of my personal and professional development. I have differentiated between these two concepts and have also explained how they are intertwined to produce quality and efficient professional relationship in me as a potential counsellor. I have taken on board some core professional values such as trust, confidentiality, developing, professional, relationship and self-assertiveness as principles that underpin my professional development. I hope to apply these valuable experiences to practice as I work with other multi-disciplinary teams to assess service users needs and the law and ethical implications that could arise in the course of my placement. Applying for placement has not been easy hence I am yet to find a place. More importantly, as a student counsellor, the question is how does reflective and reflexive influence who I am? This is an on-going question for me to answer, as I continue with my learning unti l I take off counselling hat, though there is still room for improvement as I consider myself to be a work in progress.

Fiorello LaGuardia Essay -- New York Mayor Biography Essays

Fiorello LaGuardia Fiorello LaGuardia was born on December 11th 1882 to immigrants of Italian and Jewish ancestry in New York. He served as the mayor of New York City from 1945-1945. He is considered to be one of the mayors who redefined New York City politics. Fiorello had a very long career in politics before serving as mayor. After graduating New York University law school in 1910, LaGuardia practiced law and was appointed Deputy Attorney General. He also served many terms in Congress as a republican. LaGuardia lost his first try at the Mayor’s race to Jimmy Walker in 1929, but was successful on his second try in 1933.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LaGuardia expressed his interest in the Mayoral running after he lost his final term in Congress, November 1932. On November 22, 1932 LaGuardia invited â€Å"Key men and women in politics and all walks of like to attend an anti-Tammany (present mayor) meeting at town hall† (Mann, P.66). At this meeting, LaGuardia knew that it was too early to talk about candidates. But he did offer a very clear and powerful outline of his beliefs to a reporter for the ‘nation’. He states: â€Å"While everybody is talking about the necessity of a change in our City government, there is nothing really practical, concrete and definite being done. Public opinion must not only be crystallized, but must be translated into action through the medium of an actual fighting organization of determined men and women. The election machinery cannot be over-looked. The best intentions and good will even of a majority of the people cannot, unless properly prepared, overcome th e crookedness, corruption and violence of an entrenched political machine† (Mann, P. 66).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After his meeting at Town Hall, LaGuardia returned to Washington to finish his Congressional term, namely his New Deal legislation, leaving many New Yorkers something to think about. He returned to his East Harlem residence on March 4th, 1933. Although LaGuardia was a Republican, and Tammany was a Democrat; he learned that the Fusion party was setting up potential candidates to run against Tammany. LaGuardia saw this as an opportunity to break in to the candidacy. â€Å"The Fusion Conference Committee, as it came to be called, consisted of delegates from groups traditionally hostile to the Wigwam: conservative Republicans, the business community, and the Good Government associations† (Mann, P.67). The fus... .... While there, he introduced his new policy regarding enforcement zones for the officers. Before LaGuardia, the police would enforce where they wanted to enforce. Conveniently ignoring certain areas where organized crime and other criminal activities took place. He recognized this and stated that he will not tolerate it. Along with introducing formal patrol zones, he added 250 more officers to the force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LaGuardia not only did well in general but did exceptionally well for the city of New York considering the time period he entered office. Prohibition was just ending, the era of the depression was looming in the air and the city of New York was almost bankrupt. LaGuardia also implemented a large public works plan, and the civil service bureau which brought many jobs and revitalized the economy. However, his plan did include several tax hikes; it brought the cities budget out of deficit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still to this day LaGuardia’s work does not go overlooked. He brought New York City to a new level post World War II, and it didn’t faze him one bit. Not only does this prove him to be one of the greatest mayors New York has ever had, but one of the greatest leaders of all time.